nav emailalert searchbtn searchbox tablepage yinyongbenwen piczone journalimg journalInfo journalinfonormal searchdiv searchzone qikanlogo popupnotification paper paperNew
2025, 06, v.48 86-105
在规范性与实效性之间:CPTPP国有企业规则国别例外逻辑考证
基金项目(Foundation): 中国政法大学科研创新项目“‘人类命运共同体’理念的国际投资法律制度实现”(18ZFQ82003); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金; 国家社会科学基金青年项目“CPTPP各缔约方国有企业规则谈判与合规状况比较研究”(22CFX047)
邮箱(Email):
DOI: 10.16524/j.45-1002.20250826.001
摘要:

国别例外是CPTPP在贯彻高标准国有企业规则的同时,为兼顾不同缔约方国有企业和国有经济制度的差异而作出的灵活性缔约安排。CPTPP国有企业规则国别例外在结构设计上保持强规范性,体现为努力维护国有企业一般性规则的普遍性、确定性和可裁性。同时,国别例外具体条目设置使国有企业规则实际上具有弱实效性,体现为其与条约目的的低匹配度和权利义务关系实现的较低程度。强规范性和弱实效性的组合可以被称为“规范确认型缔约”,这种缔约模式对内通过确认规范共识来塑造共同价值观,对外则通过维持选择性过筛机制来增加现有缔约方针对意图加入者的谈判筹码。规范确认型缔约逻辑的政策启示在于我国应在对外经贸规则谈判中关注各方实际履行规则时的差异性,并对自身所提保留进行充分论证,同时注重推出符合自身利益乃至国际社会公益的国有企业规则模板。在国内制度改革过程中,应当注重对具体企业的情况获悉和行为引导,并探索国际规则本土化的途径。

Abstract:

Party-specific exceptions are arrangements for the realization of flexibility of treaties made by the CPTPP to accommodate differences in the regimes of state-owned enterprises and state sectors among different contracting parties, while upholding high-standard rules for state-owned enterprises. The structural design of CPTPP's state-owned enterprises rules is highly normative. This is reflected in the active upholding of the universality, certainty and enforceability of the general rules for state-owned enterprises. However, the specific design of party-specific exceptions undermines the effectiveness of the state-owned enterprises rules, as evidenced by their poor alignment with the treaty's objectives and the limited realization of prescribed rights and obligations. The combination of strong normativity and weak effectiveness can be referred to as “normative confirmation contracting”, a contracting model that confirms consensus on norms internally to shape common values, while maintaining a selective filtering mechanism externally to increase the bargaining chips for existing contracting parties against potential joiners. The policy implications of the normative confirmation contracting logic lie in that China should pay attention to the differences in the actual implementation of rules by all parties in foreign economic and trade rule negotiations and fully justify the reservations it proposes, while also focusing on introducing templates for state-owned enterprises rules that align with its own interests and even the public interest of the international community. In domestic institutional reforms, efforts should be made to understand the specific situations of individual enterprises and guide their behaviors, as well as to explore ways to adapt international rules to local contexts.

参考文献

(1)CPTPP有11个创始成员,英国于2024年12月15日正式完成加入CPTPP程序,成为第12个成员。

(2)刘敬东.CPTPP语境下国有企业新规则:背景、特点及其应对[J].学术论坛,2022(5):33-43.

(3)CPTPP第17.2条将某些主体和事项直接排除于非商业援助条款的适用范围之外,如货币主管机关、金融监管机构、破产或破产过程中的金融机构等。

(4)第17.13条设定了5种对各缔约方均适用的例外。例如,该条第1款规定,国家或全球经济紧急状况、支持进出口和海外私人投资的常规金融服务、临时拥有所有权、年收入门槛金额以下(一般为2亿特别提款权)的情况不适用第17.4条商业考虑和非歧视条款以及第17.6条非商业援助条款;该条第2款规定,国有企业根据政府授权提供的金融服务,如果支持出口或进口,且无意取代商业融资或所提供的条件并不优于可自商业市场中获得的可比金融服务的条件,则不适用商业考虑和非歧视条款的规定。

(1)韩立余.TPP国有企业规则及其影响[J].国家行政学院学报,2016(1):83-87.

(2)庞中英.CPTPP:“英国加入模式”成为今后“高标准”?[J].世界知识,2022(21):62-63.

(3)见王璐瑶,葛顺奇.TPP透视:“国有企业和指定垄断”议题分析[J].国际经济合作,2015(11):12-14;韩立余.TPP国有企业规则及其影响[J].国家行政学院学报,2016(1):83-87;徐昕.国有企业国际规则的新发展--内容评述、影响预判、对策研究[J].上海对外经贸大学学报,2017(1):14-26;毛真真.国有企业补贴国际规则对比研究--从传统补贴规则到非商业支持规则[J].河北法学,2017(5):154-163;刘雪红.国有企业的商业化塑造--由欧美新区域贸易协定竞争中立规则引发的思考[J].法商研究,2019(2):170-181;李本.我国国有企业公司治理与CPTPP相应规则:挑战、借鉴及对标[J].国际贸易,2024(12):82-92;MATSUSHITAM,LIM C L.Taming leviathan as merchant:lingering questions about the practical application of trans-pacific partnership's state-owned enterprises rules[J].World trade review,2019(3):402-423。

(4)见唐宜红,姚曦.混合所有制与竞争中立规则--TPP对我国国有企业改革的挑战与启示[J].人民论坛·学术前沿,2015(23):61-73;屠新泉,徐林鹏,杨幸幸.国有企业相关国际规则的新发展及中国对策[J].亚太经济,2015(2):45-49。

(5)见陈瑶,应力.CPTPP国有企业章节的评价与中国应对[J].宁波大学学报,2021(2):123-132;王秋雯.国有企业规则在区域贸易谈判平台中的新发展与中国对策[J].国际贸易,2018(6):61-66;韩立余.国际法视野下的中国国有企业改革[J].中国法学,2019(6):161-183;蒋奋,周威.CPTPP对国有企业的补贴规制与中国因应[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2021(6):187-200;王光,邵宇佳,卫平东.国有企业规则:特征、趋势与中国因应[J].国际贸易,2023(8):33-42。

(6)ZHOU W H.Rethinking the (CP)TPP as a model for regulation of Chinese state-owned enterprises[J].Journal of international economic law,2021(3):572-590.

(7)KIM M W.Regulating the visible hands:development of rules on state-owned enterprises in trade agreements[J].Harvard interna‐tional law journal,2017(1):225-272.

(8)见李本.CPTPP国有企业规则例外条款:解构与建构[J].上海对外经贸大学学报,2023(3):5-18;WILLEMYNS I.Disciplines on state-owned enterprises in TPP:have expectations been met?[EB/OL].[2025-09-25].https://ghum.kuleuven.be/ggs/publications/working_papers/2016/168willemyns。

(9)向奕乾.CPTPP国有企业章节例外规则研究[J].研究生法学,2021(6):102-114.

(1)见CPTPP第17.9条“缔约方特定附件”条款。

(2)见CPTPP附件17-D脚注。

(3)见CPTPP附件4。

(4)根据CPTPP第17.19条规定:“第17.4条(非歧视待遇和商业考虑)和第17.6条(非商业援助)不得适用于缔约方依照该缔约方减让表条款列入附件4减让表中的国有企业或指定垄断的不符活动。”

(1)在附件17-E中,新加坡对透明度义务予以了保留,表明如果企业已经在上市时将相关信息进行了披露,就视为已经遵守了透明度规则。

(2)见SHAW J.The treaty of Amsterdam:challenges of flexibility and legitimacy[J].European law journal,1998(1):63-86;卜璐.论国际条约的单方退出[J].环球法律评论,2018(3):154-170。

(3)韩逸畴.国际规则的“结构性挑战”:以贸易协定中的例外规定为例[J].当代法学,2021(4):137-150.

(4)齐湘泉.基本原则与宣示性条款之辩--《涉外民事关系法律适用法》第3条再解读[J].清华法学,2018(2):194-206.

(1)见CPTPP第16章和第21章至第25章。此外,对于电信服务贸易的争端解决、商务人员临时入境事项的争端解决,CPTPP作出特殊安排;而对于投资章节,CPTPP允许缔约方通过“冻结条款”、换文等方式来限制争端解决范围,见石静霞.中国加入CPTPP谈判中的服务贸易重点问题[J].中外法学,2023(4):845-864。

(2)毕莹.“包容”:“一带一路”下全球治理的中国软法方案和推进路径[J].深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),2019(3):37-45.

(3)陈宪民.解读《服务贸易总协定》的基本原则--兼论中国海运服务市场的法制完善[J].法学,2003(7):98-104.

(4)盛杰民.论GATS的最惠国待遇、国民待遇、市场准入原则及我国的对策[J].中外法学,1997(6):76-80.

(1)马忠法,徐子淳.论WTO安全例外条款的解释路径及其对中国的启示[J].国际商务研究,2024(6):38-51.

(2)董京波.WTO框架下碳关税合法性探析--以GATT 20条一般例外条款为中心[J].宏观经济研究,2022(6):126-136.

(3)黄琳琳.新一代自由贸易协定中的安全例外条款:变化与中国因应[J].国际商务研究,2024(6):97-108.

(4)见FINNIS J.Natural law theory:its past and its present[M]//MARMOR A.The routledge companion to philosophy of law.London:Routledge,2012:15;PINK T.Law and the normativity of obligation[J].Jurisprudence,2014(1):1-28;ZHANG Q,WEI X.Political natural law and human dignity:an empiricist perspective[J].Journal of Chinese philosophy,2024(4):407-419。

(1)SPAAK T.Legal positivism,conventionalism,and the normativity of law[J].Jurisprudence,2017(2):319-344.

(2)GREEN M S.Legal realism as theory of law[J].William and Mary law review,2004-2005(6):1915-2000.

(3)DAGAN H.Normative jurisprudence and legal realism[J].University of Toronto law journal,2014(3):442-457.

(4)王田田.揭开法律效力的面纱--斯堪的纳维亚现实主义法学关于法律效力的观点及启示[J].学习与探索,2017(4):76-84,175.

(5)莱特,张翅翔.法律现实主义与法律教义[J].法律方法,2025(1):438-447.

(6)哈特.法律的概念:第3版[M].许家馨,李冠宜,译.北京:法律出版社,2018:附录.

(7)在哈特的法律规范性理论中,次级规范是与初级规范相对应的一组规则,初级规则为人们设定行为指引,但效力待定且无法落实;次级规则则补足了初级规则效力和拘束力,见古祖雪.国际法的法律性质再认识--哈特国际法学思想述评[J].法学评论,1998(1):37-41。

(8)沈宏彬.成规、规划与法律的规范性[J].法制与社会发展,2016(5):72-83.

(9)GOROBETS K.The international rule of law and the idea of normative authority[J].Hague journal on the rule of law,2020(2):227-249.

(10)张辉.国际法效力等级问题初探[J].海南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2010(4):46-50.

(1)ROUGHAN N.Sources and the normativity of international law:from validity to justification[C]//BESSON S,D’ASPREMONT J.The Oxford handbook of the sources of international law.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017:680-700.

(2)李本.CPTPP国有企业规则例外条款:解构与建构[J].上海对外经贸大学学报,2023(3):5-18.

(1)至于在国有企业从事销售活动时的非歧视规则,即17.4.1(c)条内容,缔约方仅普遍地(除澳大利亚)保留了不歧视对待各缔约方企业的规定,而日本、马来西亚、新西兰、越南同时保留了不歧视对待各缔约方在本国境内的投资企业这一规定。

(2)计算“条目”是以附件4中的“不符行为”为依据,一项具体的行为记作1条,而非按照页数、“涉及义务”或“实体”等计数。例如,对于一国有企业既要基于非商业考虑提供商品,又可以获得非商业援助,可能涉嫌对4种义务的违反,仅记作2条不符措施。

(1)在指代淡马锡公司时,该附件所使用词汇是“主权财富基金”,但该附件脚注直接注明“新加坡主权财富基金包括新加坡政府投资有限公司和淡马锡控股(私人)有限公司。淡马锡控股(私人)有限公司是其资产的法定拥有人。”

(2)在符合特定条件的情况下,整个国有企业专章均不适用于国民投资机构和朝圣基金局。

(3)将各方的次中央企业条目、特定目标或职能条目、特定企业条目的数量累加则可以得出“保留强度”。新加坡和马来西亚由于通过设有独立附件的方式豁免了大量义务,各自单独增加“10”。目前新加坡淡马锡有10家在新加坡境内的子公司,而马来西亚学习淡马锡模式并设立了独立附件。

(4)王晓燕.智利的国有企业改革[J].拉丁美洲研究,2004(6):15-19.

(5)Australian Government,Department of Finance.Government business enterprises[EB/OL].[2025-06-25].https://www.finance.gov.au/government/government-business-enterprises.

(6)OECD.The size and sectoral distribution of state-owned enterprises report[R/OL].(2017-09-14)[2025-07-25].https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/the-size-and-sectoral-distribution-of-state-owned-enterprises_9789264280663-en.html.

(1)见MOUSMOUTI M.Operationalising quality of legislation through the effectiveness test[J].Legisprudence,2012(2):191-205;陈明.论法律实效评判的方法和标准[J].辽宁行政学院学报,2007(5):42-44;谢晖.论法律实效[J].学习与探索,2005(1):95-102。

(2)蒋立山.法律实施的评价标准[J].法学杂志,1994(1):20-21.

(3)SIREGAR B.Effectiveness of law enforcement on corporate bankruptcy status[J].Global legal review,2024(1):17-38.

(4)RAJAGOPAL B.The role of law in counter-hegemonic globalization and global legal pluralism:lessons from the Narmada valley struggle in India[J].Leiden journal of international law,2005(3):345-387.

(5)KINGSBURY B.The concept of compliance as a function of competing conceptions of international law[J].Michigan journal of international law,1998(2):345-372.

(6)车丕照.我们可以期待怎样的国际法治?[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2009(4):5-13,159.

(1)LABIN D K,MURATOVA R R.The CPTPP dispute settlement mechanism:is there a way out of the WTO crisis or is this a new model?[J].China and WTO review,2022(1):127-150.

(2)由于CPTPP形成时间较晚,对社会结构的长远影响、对价值观的塑造较难观察,故本文不选择这两项判别标准,而缔约方的守法意愿可以通过权利义务关系被实现的情况进行侧面反映。

(3)OECD.OECD review of the corporate governance of state-owned enterprises in Viet Nam[R/OL].(2022-10-15)[2025-07-25].https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-review-of-the-corporate-governance-of-state-owned-enterprises-in-viet-nam_a22345d0-en.html.

(4)OECD.The size and sectoral distribution of state-owned enterprises report[R/OL].(2017-09-14)[2025-06-25].https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/the-size-and-sectoral-distribution-of-state-owned-enterprises_9789264280663-en.html.

(5)日本、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大、墨西哥的中央国有企业员工总人数分别为256265人、42607人、36214人、83462人和73686人,企业总价值分别为82.4亿美元、13.6亿美元、29.1亿美元、30.3亿美元和21.2亿美元,即除了日本,其他缔约方的情况几乎与保留强度梯队划分相一致。

(6)UNCTAD.World investment report 2015:reforming international investment governance[R/OL].[2025-08-25].https://invest‐mentpolicy.unctad.org/publications/134/world-investment-report-2015---reforming-international-investment-governance.

(7)OECD.The size and sectoral distribution of state-owned enterprises report[R/OL].[2025-09-25].https://www.oecd.org/en/publi‐cations/the-size-and-sectoral-distribution-of-state-owned-enterprises_9789264280663-en.html.

(1)OECD在2024年发布的报告《国有企业的所有权和治理》中19次提到PMR指数,这验证了PMR指数在衡量国有企业治理问题上的重要性,见OECD.Ownership and governance of state-owned enterprises 2024[EB/OL].[2025-06-25].https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/ownership-and-governance-of-state-owned-enterprises-2024_395c9956-en.html。

(2)OECD.Product market regulation indicators[EB/OL].[2025-01-25].https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/product-market-regulation.html.

(3)为了达到更佳的可视化效果,对保留强度乘以校准系数3,对PMR指数乘以校准系数10。

(1)USTR.Deputy USTR updates on TPP[EB/OL].[2025-08-25].https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2011/october/deputy-ustr-updates-tpp.

(2)USTR.Deputy USTR updates on TPP[EB/OL].[2025-08-25].https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2011/october/deputy-ustr-updates-tpp.

(3)USTR.Round 9:Lima,10/28/2011[EB/OL].[2025-08-25].https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacificpartnership/tpp-negotiation-updates/round-9-lim.

(4)USTR.Detailed summary of TPP objectives[EB/OL].[2025-09-25].https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/TPP-Detailed-Summary-ofUS-Objectives.pdf.

(5)车路遥.CPTPP国有企业规则范式解析:基于126个区域贸易协定的比较[J].学术论坛,2024(6):105-120.

(6)USTR.TPP final table of contents[EB/OL].[2025-09-25].https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacificpartnership/tpp-full-text.

(7)WTO.Trade Policy Review:Brunei Darussalam[EB/OL].[2025-09-25].https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tp564_e.htm.

(1)FASTENRATH U.Relative normativity in international law[J].European journal of international law,1993(4):326-327.

(2)AYRES I,BRAITHWAITE J.Responsive regulation:transcending the deregulation debate[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1992:129-131.

(3)SUNSTEIN C R.Legal Interference with Private Preferences[J].University of Chicago law review,1986(4):1164-1165.

(4)DWORKIN R.Taking Rights Seriously[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1977:40-42;54-58.

(5)KIRCHMAIR L.Dualism and Kelsenian monism[M]//KIRCHMAIR L.Rethinking the relationship between international,EUand national law:consent-based monism.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2024:11-58.

(6)劳特派特.奥本海国际法:上卷第二分册[M].王铁崖,陈体强,译.北京:商务印书馆,1971:311.

(7)李浩培.条约法概论[M].北京:法律出版社,1987:34.

(8)王虎华.契约性条约问题的理论辩证[J].法学,2013(12):53-62.

(1)卡赞斯坦.国家安全的文化:世界政治中的规范与认同[M].宋伟,刘铁娃,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2009:153.

(2)宋伟.国际规范、国家认同与国家行为--《国家安全的文化》述评[J].国际政治研究,2008(2):71-84.

(3)NGUYEN D H.Freedom of Association under the Context of Vietnam's Participation in the Comprehensive and Progressive TransPacific Partnership (CPTPP) Agreement and the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA)[J].International journal of social science and economic research,2020(11):3401-3413.

(4)Decision by the commission of the comprehensive and progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership regarding Accession Process of the CPTPP[EB/OL].[2025-09-25].https://www.cas.go.jp/jp/top/en/pdf/1st_cm/siryou3-3.pdf.

(1)中国法学会WTO法研究会CPTPP课题组.加入CPTPP,中国需要做什么[J].武大国际法评论,2021(5):1-26.

(2)GUZMAN A T.Why LDCs sign treaties that hurt them:explaining the popularity of bilateral investment treaties[J].Virginia journal of international law,1998,38:666-667.

(3)季烨.双边投资条约的范本意识与差别化实践刍议[J].国际经济法学刊,2013(4):84-101.

(4)丁如.新兴国际投资补贴规则:分析框架及我国方案构建[J].清华法学,2022(5):177-192.

(1)毕莹,何剑波.迈向多元:系统论法学作为国际法的方法[J].国际经济法学刊,2024(3):1-14.

(1) USTR.Detailed summary of TPP objectives[EB/OL].(2015-09-22)[2025-09-25].https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/TPP-Detailed-Summary-of-US-Objectives.pdf.

(2)Office of the United States Trade Representative.What they're saying:completion of Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations[EB/OL].[2025-08-25].https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/blog/2015/october/what-they%E2%80%99re-saying-completion-trans-pacific.

(3)CRS.CPTPP:overview and issues for Congress[EB/OL].[2025-08-25].https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12078.

(4)见韩立余.中国新发展理念与国际规则引领[J].吉林大学社会科学学报,2018(6):46-59,204;蒋超翊.中国有效影响国际法规则制定的条件与策略[J].国际政治研究,2021(3):61-88。

基本信息:

DOI:10.16524/j.45-1002.20250826.001

中图分类号:D996.1

引用信息:

[1]车路遥.在规范性与实效性之间:CPTPP国有企业规则国别例外逻辑考证[J].学术论坛,2025,48(06):86-105.DOI:10.16524/j.45-1002.20250826.001.

基金信息:

中国政法大学科研创新项目“‘人类命运共同体’理念的国际投资法律制度实现”(18ZFQ82003); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金; 国家社会科学基金青年项目“CPTPP各缔约方国有企业规则谈判与合规状况比较研究”(22CFX047)

发布时间:

2025-08-26

出版时间:

2025-08-26

网络发布时间:

2025-08-26

检 索 高级检索

引用

GB/T 7714-2015 格式引文
MLA格式引文
APA格式引文